Well the error sais that shopware is trying to insert an empty name-value into the database which would in fact not be allowed.
Usually the set-name is defined by the articlenumber, maybe your articlenumber is not set? Have you tried giving the configuration-set a specific name?
Alternatively it could be a problem with your variants (if it’s an article coming with variants) where shopware fails to find the „pre-selected“ variant amongst them.
The article should have at least 1 row in the s_articles_details table, maybe it is set active = 0 while the actual article in s_articles is active?
If you can’t find the error after all maybe deleting and creating the article anew helps… obviously the most uncomfortable solution though.